Major league winners: using sports and cultural centers as tools for economic development

Preface

Acknowledgments

The Author

1. Urban Change, a Loss of Centrality, and New Destinies for Downtowns

I. Introduction

A. The Era of Subsidies and Hope

B. What Can New Facilities Do for a Region?

C. Subsidies and Strategic Investments: The Difference Defined

II. Sports, Entertainment, and Culture for Image, Attracting Human Capital, and Economic Development

III. The Beginning of an End to the Need for Central Cities

A. Population Change

B. Rise, Decline, and Lessons Learned from Festival Marketplaces

C. Indianpolis and a Civic Image Strategy

D. Rise of Sports and Culture for Revitalization

IV. Why Should Cities Care about Sports, Entertainment, and Culture?

A. Human Capital and Amenities

B. Are Sports, Entertainment, and Culture a City's Fool's Gold?

V. Sports, Entertainment, and Culture: The Trinity for Redevelopment

A. Cities, Sports Facilities, and Subsidies

B. Franchise Values and Changing the System

VI. Misplaced Revenues, Misplaced Values

VII. Goal and Organization of This Book

Endnotes

2. Teams, Cities, Elites, and the Real Value of "Big-Ticket"Amenities

I. A General Framework for Investments in Big-Ticket Items

II. The Value and Appropriateness of Big-Ticket Items

A. A City's Image

B. Amenities and the "Creative Class"

C. Amenities or Neighborhood Development?

III. Amenities, Human Capital, and Economic Development

A. Supply of Amenities

B. Importance of Amenities

IV. Organic Urban Change versus Planned Redevelopment

A. Delayed Development or Stagnation?

B. Growth Poles

V. Business Leaders and Urban Redevelopment

VI. The Unbalanced Playing Field between Teams and Cities

A. What are Teams Worth?

B. Implications of the Leagues' Control of the Supply of Teams

C. How Did the Leagues Amass Their Economic Power?

VII. Challenging the Leagues in Court, at the Statehouse, or in Congress

VIII. Revitalization and Development as an Alternative to Subsidies

IX. Summary

Endnotes

3. Indianapolis as the Broker City

I. The Indianapolis Plan: Goals, Objectives, and History

II. Indianapolis, Sports, and Redevelopment: What Was Built, How Much Was Invested, and Whose Dollars Were Spent?

A. What Was Built?

B. Who Paid How Much for the New Downtown?

III. Has Indianapolis Been Changed by the Sports and Downtown Redevelopment Strategy?

A. Maintaining Downtown Indianapolis

B. Regional Economic Changes and the Centrality of Downtown Indianapolis

C. Image of Indianapolis: Intangible Benefits and the Journey from "Indiana-No-Place" to Super Bowl Host City

IV. Challenges on the Horizon: Subsidies and Revenues

V. Indianapolis: The Broker City to Be a Major League Winner

Endnotes

4. Shared Risk, Shared Returns: San Diego's Unique Partnership for a Ballpark, Convention Center Hotel, and a New Downtown Neighborhood

I. Introduction

A. Fiscal Challenges for the Padres

B. "Poisoned Environment" for Sports Subsidies

II. The Padres and the "Need" for a New Ballpark

III. Politics of San Diego's Sports World

IV. Task Force II and the Generation of Substantial Public Benefits

V. Public Benefits and the Stigma of Subsidies

VI. Scorecard on the Ballpark District: What Was Built

VII. The Scorecard: Taxes Generated

VIII. The Ballpark District: Development, Land Use, and the Best Use of Urban Land

IX. The Ballpark District and San Diego: Mutual Risk in a New Model for Public/Private Partnerships

Endnotes

5. A White Elephant, an Arena, and Revitalization: Using Location and the Glitz of L.A. LIVE to Rebuild a Downtown Area

I. Introduction

II. Thinking Outside the Box: Bringing the Lakers and Kings Downtown

A. The Lakers, the Kings, and the "Fabulous Forum"

B. The "Fabulous Forum" and Its Limitations

C. Arena Economics and the Appeal of Downtown Los Angeles

III. Downtown Los Angeles: Liabilities and Assets

IV. Sealing and Selling the Deal

V. Los Angeles' Investment and Returns

A. Were the Taxpayers Protected?

B. Rebuilding Downtown: Housing

VI. Rebuilding Downtown Los Angeles: L.A. LIVE

VII. Rebuilding Downtown: Other Iconic Projects

VIII. Conclusions

Endnotes

6. Columbus, Major League Sports, and a New Downtown Neighborhood: A Failed Initiative and a Privately Built Arena

I. Introduction

II. Fighting for a Toe Hold in Professional Sports

A. Sports Leagues and Their Placement of Teams in Cincinnati and Cleveland

B. An Effort to Make Columbus Home to a Major League Team

III. A Privately Built Arena, Real Estate Development, and a Unique Public/Private Partnership

A. The Arena District Plan

B. Financing the Arena District

IV. Columbus' Arena District: An Early Assessment

V. Columbus' Arena District: What Was Built

VI. Conclusions

Endnotes

7. Can a City Win When Losing? Cleveland and the Building of Sports, Cultural, and Entertainment Facilities in the Midst of Population Declines and Job Losses

I. Introduction

II. The Crisis of Confidence

A. Racial Conflict and White Flight

B. Economic Contraction and Fiscal Default

III. Cleveland's "Hail Mary" Pass: Downtown Revitalization as Symbols of Confidence

A. Playhouse Square and a Citizen-Driven Public/Private Partnership

B. Public/Private Partnership Mayoralty of George Voinovich and the Reinvigoration of a Regime 6

C. Mayor Michael White and the Ballpark and Arena Proposal's Redux

D. Large Subsidies and the Dispersion of Assets

IV. Results of Cleveland's "Hail Mary" Pass

A. Private Investment Levels in Cleveland: Nonresidential Projects

B. Private Investment in Residential Properties

C. Tax Revenue Changes

D. Job Retention and Employment Changes

V. Extra Benefits from Building Amenities: Regional Cooperation

VI. Amending Cleveland's Major League Loser Status: New Leases

A. Provision of Extraordinary Subsidies

B. New Owners, New Possibilities

C. New Leases for the Ballpark and Arena

VII. Business Leaders and Downtown and Community Development

VIII. Conclusions

Endnotes

8. Stagnation, Crime, and Population Change: Reading's Volunteer Leadership Group and a Focus on Sports, Entertainment, the Arts, and Culture to Revitalize a Small City

I. Introduction: Economic Change in a Small City

II. Changes in a Small City: Economic and Racial Separation

A. Reading in Brief

B. Reading and Berks County Today

III. Into the Breach: A Volunteer Leadership Group and Its Focus on Entertainment

IV. Reimaging Reading: From the Outlet Capital to a Mid-Atlantic Arts Center

V. Reading's Leadership Group and Community Development

VI. Measures of Success

VII. Conclusions

Endnotes

9. Sports, Culture, Entertainment and Revitalization: Turning Subsidies into Strategic Investments

I. Introduction

II. Subsidies to Investments in the Aftermath of the Credit Crisis

A. Value of Amenities for Economic Development and Revitalization

B. Urban Tourism

III. Lessons Learned: Similarities within Differences

IV. Lessons Learned: Advice for Other Cities Looking to Sports, Entertainment, and Cultural Amenities for Revitalization

A. Recommendation 1: Value of Advertising

B. Recommendation 2: Concentrate Amenities and Make Detailed Plans

C. Recommendation 3: Build Neighborhoods or Iconic Architecture

D. Recommendation 4: Link Private Sector Investments to a Commitment of Tax Money

E. Recommendation 5: Organizations Needed to Succeed as a Broker City

F. Recommendation 6: Prudent Risk-Taking for Confidence Building

What Lesson Does This Offer?

G. Recommendation 7: "Über-Plans" Unifying Public and Private Capital

H. Recommendation 8: Constructively Involve Business Leaders in Downtown and Community Development

I. Recommendation 9: Level the Negotiating Table

V. Conclusion

Endnotes

References

Index