The tyranny of metrics

The argument in a nutshell

Recurring flaws

The origins of measuring and paying for performance

Why metrics became so popular

Principals, agents, and motivation

Philosophical critiques

Colleges and universities

Schools

Medicine

Policing

The military

Business and finance

Philanthropy and foreign aid

Excursus

When transparency is the enemy of performance: politics, diplomacy, intelligence, and marriage

Unintended but predictable negative consequences

When and how to use metrics: a checklist.