Attack politics: negativity in presidential campaigns since 1960

Negativity and presidential campaigns

The runaway races of 1964, 1972, and 1984

The somewhat competitive races of 1988, 1992, and 1996

The comeback races of 1968 and 1976

The dead heat race of 1960

The dead heat race of 1980

The dead heat races of 2000 and 2004

Summary and synthesis : have presidential campaigns become more negative?

Appendix: Cold War background to 1960 presidential contest.