Higher education and international student mobility in the global knowledge economy

List of Illustrations

Acknowledgments

List of Abbreviations

Chapter 1. The Global Knowledge Economy and Higher Education

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Globalization and the Knowledge Economy

1.2.1. The Industrial Society

1.2.2. Transformation to the Knowledge Society and the Global Knowledge Economy

1.3. The Global Higher Education Agenda

Chapter 2. Enrollment and Increasing Demand

2.1. Increasing Demand

2.2. Demographic Shift and Nontraditional Students

2.3. Increasing Demand and International Student Mobility

Chapter 3. The Rise of Market Forces

3.1. Historical Background

3.2. Public Spending and Tuition Fees

3.3. Private Institutions

3.4. Changing Patterns of Governance

3.4.1. Historical Background

3.4.2. The State, the Academia, and the Society as Actors in Governance

3.4.3. Transformation from the Regulatory to the Evaluative State

3.4.4. Spread of Lay Governance, Strengthened Institutional Leadership, and a Redefinition of Autonomy

3.5. The Rise of Market Forces in Relation to International Student Mobility

Chapter 4. New Providers of Higher Education

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Impact of Technology

4.3. Impact of Technology on Traditional Institutions

4.3.1. Distributed Learning

4.3.2. Virtual Arms and Unbundling of Services in Traditional Institutions

4.4. Types of New Providers

4.4.1. Consortia and Networks

4.4.2. For-Profit Higher Education

4.4.3. Virtual Universities

4.4.4. Corporate Universities

4.4.5. Certificate Programs

4.4.6. Museums, Libraries, Publishers, and Media Enterprises

4.4.7. Academic Brokers

4.4.8. Franchises and Branch Campuses

4.5. The Global Higher Education Market

Chapter 5. Globalization and Internationalization of Higher Education

5.1. Historical Antecedents

5.1.1. International Academic Mobility in the Greco-Roman and the Muslim Worlds

5.1.2. International Academic Mobility in Medieval Times

5.1.3. International Academic Mobility: 1500-1800

5.1.4. The Birth of the Napoleonic University and the German Research University

5.1.5. International Academic Mobility in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

5.1.6. The Emergence of the Modern American University

5.2. Globalization and Internationalization of Higher Education since 1950

5.3. Definition of Terms

5.3.1. Globalization and Internationalization

5.3.2. Rationales for Internationalization of Higher Education

5.4. The European Response: The Bologna Process

5.4.1. Chronological Background

5.4.2. An Evaluation of the Bologna Process

5.5. GATS: A "Commercial/Anglo-Saxon Response"

5.6. Quality Assurance in Transnational Higher Education: "Multinational Organizational Responses"

5.7. The Global Higher Education Agenda and International Student Mobility

Chapter 6. International Student Mobility

6.1. The Global Picture Today

6.2. Major Host Countries

6.2.1. United States of America

6.2.1.1. Enrollment Statistics

6.2.1.2. An Evaluation of Internationalization Policies of the United States

6.2.2. The United Kingdom

6.2.3. Germany

6.2.4. France

6.2.5. Australia

6.2.6. Other Major and Emerging Host Countries

6.2.6.1. Japan

6.2.6.2. Russia

6.2.6.3. Canada

6.2.6.4. New Zealand

6.3. Major Countries of Origin of Foreign Students

6.3.1. China: A Major Source Country and an Emerging Major Host Country

6.3.2. India

6.3.3. Other Major Countries of Origin

6.4. Regional Breakdown of International Student Mobility

6.5. International Student Mobility and International Migration

Concluding Remarks

Appendix A. Data on Enrollment and Expenditures in National Systems and International Student Mobility

Appendix B. Definition of Terms Related to Evaluation and Quality Assurance

Appendix C. The European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System and the Diploma Supplement

Appendix D. Recognition of Qualifications in Europe

Appendix E. Education, Training, and Youth Programs of the European Union

Appendix F. Definitions of Foreign Students

Appendix G. General Agreement on Trade in Services

Notes

Bibliography

Index