The ancient Indus: urbanism, economy, and society

List of figures, tables, and boxes Acknowledgments Long-Forgotten Civilization: Civilization rediscovered Reconstructing a long-forgotten civilization Perspectives on civilizations Theoretical perspective Indus Civilization: chronologies of Indus antecedents, coalescence, decline, and transformations Rethinking perspectives on the Indus civilization Geographical And Environmental Settings: Factors to consider in assessing differences between past and present Geography and climate today: Geographical setting Climate Climate change before, during, and after peak periods of settlement Indus in the past-documenting landscape and river system dynamics Upper and lower Indus Ghaggar-Hakra Ganges-Yamuna New solutions and perspectives on climate change Conclusions From Foraging To Farming And Pastoralism: From hunting and gathering to farming Focus on Mehrgarh-the choice of a site and the establishment of a chronology First Village (7000-4000 B C): Subsistence Architecture Burial patterns Material culture and technology External contacts Summary-Period I/II Villages At The Crossroads (4000-3200 B C): Subsistence Architecture Burial patterns Material culture and technology External contacts Summary-Period III Mosaic Of Villages And Towns (3200-2500 B C): Subsistence Architecture Burial patterns Material culture and technology External contacts Summary-Period IV/VII Settling Down: the domestication of plants and animals, the development of a village farming community into a sizable town, and expanded interaction Era Of Expansion And Transformation: Age of emerging polities Upper Indus-Harappa excavations and the pre-urban period Upper Indus-Ravi phase Upper Indus-early Harappan/Kot Diji phase Upper Indus regional surveys near Harappa Ghaggar-Hakra-Cholistan survey: Ghaggar-Hakra plains-Hakra phase Ghaggar-Hakra plains-early Harappan/Kot Diji phase Ghaggar-Hakra settlements in Northwest India Expansion of settlements in the Upper Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra plains Lower Indus Valley: Lower Indus Valley-Hakra and Kot Diji phases Lower Indus Valley-Amri phase Expansion of settlement in the Lower Indus Beyond the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra plains-Baluchistan Pre-urban ecological and settlement diversity Urbanism And States: Cities, Regions, And Edge Zones: Indus cities and states-the first urban climax Indus cities: City plans and physical layouts Nonresidential structures Public works Walls and separated sectors (neighborhoods) city plans and physical layouts summarized-nonresidential structures, public works, walls, and neighborhoods City and countryside: Upper Indus and Beas regional surveys near Harappa Ghaggar-Hakra Plain-Cholistan regional surveys Ghaggar-Hakra Plain-northwest India Lower Indus regional surveys interpreting the evidence for Indus cities, city-states, and regional surveys Urbanism at its margins, gateway towns and edge zones Uniformity and diversity-cities, regions and edge zones Agropastoral And Craft-Producing Economies I-Intensification And Specialization: Craft production: Craft production and intensification Craft production and specialization-resource availability and selection, technical skills, and specialized production Ceramic production Stoneware bangle production Seal production Intensification and specialization of craft production Agropastoral Production: Agriculture and intensification Specialization of cropping patterns and regional diversity Pastoralism and intensification Pastoralism-specialization and regional diversity continued use of wild plants and animals- foraging and fishing Specialization and intensification of the Agropastoral and craft-producing economy

Agropastoral And Craft-Producing Economies II-Diversification, Organization Of Production, And Distribution:

Diversification and the organization of production, distribution, and exchange

Diversified crafts and the organization of craft production

Seal production

Ceramic production

Stoneware bangle production

Diversification and organization of production-seals, ceramics, and stoneware bangles

Diversification of raw materials and finished products-the organization of interregional exchange:

Chert

Lapis Lazuli

Carnelian, Chalcedony, Agate, and Jasper

Limestone

Precious metals-copper, gold, lead, silver, and tin

Shell

Steatite

Diversification of craft production, organization, and distribution

Diversification of land, labor, and the organization of Agropastoral production Diversification of farming-multicropping, plow agriculture, crop processing, fiber crops, and aboricuture

Diversification of pastoralism-specialized breeds, food and fiber, animal provisioning, mobility, and the organization of production

Organization of interregional exchange of plant and animal products

Agropastoral and craft-producing economies-intensification, specialization, diversification, and the organization of production and distribution

Lure Of Distant Lands:

Lure of distant lands-Dilmun, Magan, and Meluhha

Mapping the third millennium B C

Indus and Mesopotamian contact by sea and over land-texts and archaeology

Indus contact beyond Mesopotamia-by sea and over land:

Indus contacts along maritime routes

Indus contacts along overland routes

Indus and an interconnected third-millennium world

Landscapes Of Order And Difference-The Cultural Construction Of Space, Place, And Social Difference:

Landscapes as community identity-Mohenjo-Daro, Dholavira, and Harappa

Landscapes as social order:

Space and public works

Interior spaces and social differences

Landscapes and memory:

R37 cemetery and cemetery H at Harappa

Cemetery at Kalibangan

Human remains at Mohenjo-Daro

Death and memory in the Indus

Community identity, social order, and memory

Models For Indus Religious Ideologies Direct Historical Analogies And The Study Of Indus Religion:

Identifying ceremonial places

Terracotta masks, figurines, and narrative imagery

New approaches to uncovering Indus ideologies

Comparative study of early civilizations

Alternative visions-masks and figurines:

Terracotta masks

Terracotta figurines

Alternative visions-seal and tablet narrative imagery:

Themes and motifs in Indus narrative imagery

Decoding Indus narrative

Cross-cultural comparisons:

Mesopotamian seal imagery

Iranian seal imagery

Rethinking Indus religion and world views, shared vocabularies, modes of presentation and systems of thought

Indus pantheon, elements of order, and conceptions of power and hierarchy

Decline And Transformation And The Comparative Study Of Early States:

Decline and transformation of the Indus

Causes of a general nature:

Environmental changes-climate, precipitation, and river courses

Massacres and Aryan invasions

Disruptions and changes in intercultural trade

Shifting regional histories, transformations, and decline-causes of a local nature Upper Indus (cemetery H/late Harappan)

Lower Indus-late Harappan and Jhukar styles

Post-urban/late Harappan: the Ghaggar-Hakra (Cholistan and Northwest India)

Post-urban/late Harappan-Kutch, Gujarat, and Sorath Harappan

Borderland regions-Afghanistan and Baluchistan (west and southern margins)

Collapse, transition, or transformation-culture traits and political structure

Cycles of change or breakdown of society

Indus civilization in comparative perspective:

Harappan economy and society

Indus urbanism and city-states

Notes

Bibliography

Index.