Cellular transport and selective accumulation of potentially toxic xenobiotics
Bioactivation of xenobiotics to reactive metabolites
Xenobiotic-induced oxidative stress: cell injury, signaling, and gene regulation
Disruption of cellular calcium homeostasis
Mechanisms of necrotic and apoptotic cell death
Impairment of cell proliferation and tissue repair
Covalent binding of reactive metabolites to cellular macromolecules
Cytokine-mediated toxicity
Specific inactivation of enzymes and other proteins
Interactions of xenobiotics with ion transporters
Nuclear receptor-mediated toxicity
Activation or disruption of cellular signal transduction by xenobiotics
Disruption of mitochondrial function and mitochondria-mediated toxicity
Novel mechanisms derived from systems toxicology.
